Resumo: O trigo mourisco é uma espécie com grande potencial econômico e de produção, a qual tem ganhado cada vez mais importância. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária de amostras provenientes de lotes de sementes, e avaliar a patogenicidade de Fusarium spp. em plantas de trigo mourisco. A qualidade física e fisiológica foi avaliada pelo peso de mil sementes, grau de umidade, teste de germinação (5° e 7° dias), comprimento de plântula e massa seca de plântula, enquanto que a qualidade sanitária foi determinada pelo teste de sanidade em papel filtro, com as sementes submetidas à assepsia e sem assepsia. Os isolados de Fusarium spp. foram obtidos de plântulas sintomáticas no teste de germinação em rolo de papel. Para a identificação e caracterização dos isolados fúngicos foram utilizadas abordagens morfológicas e moleculares. A patogenicidade foi realizada em plantas sadias em ambiente controlado. Os lotes apresentaram alta qualidade fisiológica na avaliação de germinação (5° e 7° dias). Houve alta incidência de Fusarium spp. em todos os lotes, a qual pode ser diminuída com a assepsia das sementes. Os isolados foram identificados como complexo de espécies de Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti, e foram patogênicos às plantas de trigo mourisco.

Abstract: Buckwheat is a species with great economic and production potential, which has gained increasing importance. This study aimed to determine the physical, physiological, and sanitary quality of samples from seed lots, and to evaluate the pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. in buckwheat plants. Physical and physiological quality was evaluated by the thousand-seed weight, moisture content, germination test (5th and 7th days), seedling length, and seedling dry mass, while sanitary quality was determined by the health test on filter paper, with the seeds subjected to asepsis and without asepsis. Isolates of Fusarium spp. were obtained from symptomatic seedlings in the paper roll germination test. To identify and characterize fungal isolates, morphological and molecular approaches were used. Pathogenicity was determined on healthy plants in a controlled environment. The lots showed high physiological quality in the germination evaluation (5th and 7th days). There was a high incidence of Fusarium spp. in all lots, which can be reduced with seed asepsis. The isolates were identified as Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex, and were pathogenic to buckwheat plants.

ABSTRACT Extracellular soil enzymes are fundamental for the functioning of ecosystems. Several processes in the soil depend on the activity of these enzymes, including plant decomposition, soil organic matter formation/mineralization, and nutrient cycling. Moreover, extracellular enzyme activity occurs in the soil and is therefore influenced by environmental factors. Due to the high sensitivity to these factors, extracellular enzymes are used for monitoring soil quality. This review aimed to present the main contributions of soil enzymes to agriculture, emphasizing the dynamics of elements in the soil and the environmental factors that modulate enzyme activity. With this knowledge, the relationship of extracellular enzymes to soil quality is demonstrated and their use as a tool for soil monitoring. Finally, the evolution of research on soil enzymes in Brazil is presented, and the perspectives of basic and applied studies necessary to expand the knowledge and use of enzymes in soil management are pointed out. Soil enzymes play a key role in numerous soil processes, thereby making them useful indicators of productive capacity and soil quality. Research on enzymes in soil has developed significantly in the last two decades, which has made it possible for farmers to analyze and interpret enzyme activity in the soil in the laboratory.

RESUMO: Uma alternativa para destinar corretamente o esterco bovino é realizar a compostagem e/ou vermicompostagem e depois adicioná-lo ao solo como fonte de nutrientes às plantas. Porém, este resíduo tem sido utilizado na produção de mudas sem tratamento. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o uso de esterco bovino in natura, de composto orgânico e de vermicomposto, produzidos a partir do esterco bovino, em substratos para a produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis. Os tratamentos constituíram-se dos substratos formulados pela mistura dos fertilizantes orgânicos com areia lavada nas porcentagens de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 (v/v), em comparação com um substrato comercial (SC). As mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis foram cultivadas em tubetes, em casa de vegetação, e avaliadas aos 120 dias quanto a massa seca da parte aérea e raiz, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, relação parte aérea/raiz e índice de qualidade de Dickson. O substrato formulado pela mistura de 80% (v/v) de esterco bovino in natura com areia lavada proporcionou o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de eucalipto. O substrato contendo 100% de vermicomposto de esterco bovino ou composto orgânico produziu mudas com qualidade inferior ao esterco bovino in natura, mas superior ao substrato comercial. Devido aos riscos à saúde associados ao uso de esterco bovino não tratado, o composto orgânico e o vermicomposto são boas alternativas para a produção de mudas de E. urograndis.

ABSTRACT: Composting and vermicomposting before addition to the soil is a viable alternative to the disposal of cattle manure. However, this residue has been used in the untreated form for seedling production. This study evaluated the use of cattle manure in natura, and the organic composted or vermicomposted variants of cattle manure on substrates used in the production of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings. The treatments consisted of substrates formulated by mixing the organic fertilizers with washed sand in 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 (v/v) percentages, compared to a commercial substrate. The E. urograndis seedlings were grown in tubes in a greenhouse and evaluated after 120 days for shoot and root dry weights, plant height, stem diameter, shoot/root ratio, and Dickson quality index. The substrate formulated from a mixture of 80% (v/v) of cattle manure in natura and washed sand allows for better development in Eucalyptus seedlings. Substrate containing 100% bovine manure vermicompost or organic compost produced seedlings with lower quality than in natura bovine manure but superior to the commercial substrate. Due to the health risks associated with use of untreated bovine manure, organic compost and vermicompost are good alternatives for the production of E. urograndis seedlings.

RESUMO: Durante a fermentação alcoólica as leveduras produzem compostos que influenciam a qualidade sensorial dos vinhos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas, aromáticas e sensoriais do vinho branco da variedade Riesling Italico elaborado a partir de leveduras Saccharomyces e “não-Saccharomyces”. Foram inoculadas separadamente no mosto as leveduras S. cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae cerevisiae, S. bayanus, Torulaspora delbrueckii e Metschnikowia pulcherrima. A fermentação alcoólica ocorreu em garrafões com 7 L de mosto, em triplicata, por 10 dias a 15 ºC. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas padrão e de identificação da qualidade dos vinhos, além das análises de compostos voláteis e sensorial descritiva quantitativa. Todas as leveduras produziram vinhos com teores de álcool, acidez volátil e açúcar residual de acordo com a legislação. A levedura T. delbrueckii produz vinhos com concentrações elevadas de acetato de feniletila, acetato de isoamila e decanoato de etila, resultando em boa qualidade olfativa e avaliação sensorial.

ABSTRACT: The sensory quality of wines is affected by the compounds produced by the action of the yeasts used in alcoholic fermentation. This work aimed at assessing the physicochemical, aromatic and sensory properties of the ‘Riesling Italico’ white wines produced by using the Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts. The yeasts S. cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae cerevisiae, S. bayanus, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Metschnikowia pulcherrima were inoculated individually into the must. For 10 days, the alcohol was left to ferment in 7 L carboys in triplicate, at 15º C temperature. The standard physicochemical analyses were done and the quality of the wines was determined. The volatile compounds were identified and quantitative descriptive sensory analyses were performed. All the yeasts produced wines with the characteristic alcohol, volatile acidity and residual sugar content as stipulated by the Brazilian legislation. The T. delbrueckii yeast produced high-content phenylethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl decanoate wines, of superior olfactory quality and sensory rating.

Resumo Os estudos envolvendo a nogueira-pecã têm evoluído consideravelmente nos últimos anos no Brasil. Esta cultura foi introduzida no país no início do século passado e tornou-se importante comercialmente após os anos de 1960, principalmente na região sul. A nogueira-pecã é comprovadamente um simbionte, formando diversas associações mutualísticas com fungos ectomicorrízicos do solo. Assim, a presente revisão tem como objetivos apresentar os estudos sobre os fungos ectomicorrízicos em plantações comerciais de nogueira-pecã no Brasil, destacar a importância agrícola e ambiental desta simbiose, e o potencial da micorrização controlada da nogueira-pecã, visando à produção de espécies desejadas de trufas, notadamente do gênero Tuber, em pomares comerciais, uma atividade econômica de alta rentabilidade.

Abstract Studies involving pecan tree have evolved considerably in recent years in Brazil. Pecans were introduced in the country at the beginning of the last century, and became commercially important after the 1960´s, primarily in the South region. Pecan trees form several ECM associations with mutualistic fungi. Thus, the aims of the present review were to show research data using ECM fungi in commercial pecan orchards in Brazil, present the agricultural and environmental importance of this symbiosis, and show the potential of man-driven mycorrhyzation with pecan, aiming at the production of selected truffles, notably of the genus Tuber, in commercial orchards, a highly profitable economic activity.

A adoção de práticas conservacionistas alteram as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, influenciando a composição da comunidade microbiana. O trabalho objetivou obter informação sobre a qualidade, diversidade e atividade biológica do solo, quando submetido a dois tipos de manejo do solo (plantio direto escarificado (PDE) e não escarificado (PDNE) e três tipos de manejo de cobertura (Sucessão: soja-trigo, Rotação I: soja-nabo+trigo/soja-aveia+ervilhaca/ e Rotação II: soja-aveia+ervilhaca+nabo/milho-crotalária juncea-trigo/soja). Foram analisadas a biomassa microbiana, atividade enzimática, taxa de respiração basal e diversidade genética do solo, nos períodos do verão (fevereiro/2016) e inverno (setembro/2016). O carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana foram superiores nos tratamentos sob PDNE. Todas as enzimas apresentaram incremento na atividade no período do verão. Para a respiração basal dos microrganismos, a menor taxa de CO2 acumulada foi no período do verão em solo sob PDNE. Detectou-se variabilidade genética através da técnica de Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), reunindo os tratamentos em quatro grupos. Pode-se concluir que o sistema PDNE associado à rotação de culturas contribui para aumentar a biomassa microbiana e atividade enzimática no solo. Além disso, a técnica de RAPD associada a outros bioindicadores tornam-se importantes ferramentas para o monitoramento da qualidade do solo.

The adoption of conservation practices affect the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, altering the composition of the microbial community. The objective of this research was to obtain information about the soil quality, diversity and biological activity, of the soil when submitted to two types of soil management (scarified (PDE) and no-scarified tillage (PDNE)) and three types of cover management (Succession: soybean-wheat, Rotation I: Soybean-turnip+wheat/soybean-oats+vetch and Rotation II: soybean-oats+vetch+turnip/corn-crotalaria juncea-wheat/soybeans). The microbial biomass, enzymatic activity, basal respiration rate and soil genetic diversity were analyzed during the summer (february/2016) and winter (september/2016) periods. The carbon and nitrogen of the microbial biomass were higher in treatments under PDNE. All enzymes showed an increase in the activity during the summer period. For the basal respiration of the microorganisms, the smallest accumulated CO2 rate was in the summer period under PDNE. The RAPD technique proved to be efficient in the detection of genetic variability, combining treatments in four groups. We concluded that PDNE associated with crop rotation contributes to increase the levels of microbial biomass and soil enzymatic activity. In addition, the RAPD technique associated with other bioindicators become important tools for the monitoring and evaluation of soil quality.

Abstract One hundred fifty fungal strains were isolated from the Pampa biome for production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Microbial oil was produced by submerged cultivation at 120 rpm, 28 ºC for 7 days. Seven strains showed the best results for lipids accumulation, and they were selected in order to evaluate the influence of the temperature (15 and 28 ºC) on the lipid production and profile. The fungus Nigrospora sp. produced the highest lipid level: at 28 ºC were produced 11.28% of lipids and 51.94% of PUFA and at 15 ºC were produced 6.02% of lipids and 42.39% of PUFA. Plackett Burman design was performed to investigate the main effects of the temperature (15-25 ºC), pH (4.0-6.0), agitation (120-200 rpm), corn steep liquor (5-15% (v/v)) and sucrose concentrations (60-180 g L-1). The highest PUFA production (55.75%) was observed at the lowest temperatures (15 ºC), whereas the maximum lipid production was 5.54% at 25 ºC.

Abstract In this study the solid-state fermentation for production of cellulolytic enzymes by the fungus Gelatoporia subvermispora was optimized. The enzyme activities on filter paper, exo-cellulase, endo-cellulase and xylanase were determined. A Plackett-Burman design (PB) was used to determine the most significant variables (moisture content of substrate, inoculum density, corn steep liquor concentration, pH and peptone concentration) in the enzyme production for each substrate (sugarcane bagasse, sewage sludge and rice straw). The highest value for filter paper activity was obtained using sugarcane bagasse as substrate. The sewage sludge was an excellent medium for the production of xylanase and exo-cellulases. The endo-cellulase activity was similar in all substrates tested. This is the first report of the Gelatoporia genus for the production of cellulolytic enzymes, being a promising strain for this purpose.

ABSTRACT: Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots. These symbiotic associations are abundant and occur in 75 to 80 % of plants. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are very important in ecosystems, because their mutualistic association with plants of different species helps nutrients and water absorption, as well as protection of the host plant against pathogens and abiotic stresses. Most ectomycorrhizal fungi belong to the Basidiomycota class, such as the following genera: Amanita, Hebeloma, Hysterangium, Laccaria, Lactarius, Rhizopogon, Russula, Scleroderma, Suillus, Tricholoma, among others. Morphological studies on ectomycorrhizae report important results in understanding the species biodiversity. However, the use of molecular biology nowadays is indispensable. Among the various molecular tools available, there is consensus about the use of tools based on sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of fungi rDNA, aiding in species characterization and construction of phylogenetic studies. The ITS region is of easy amplification, it has multicopy nature and enables differentiation between species. The objective of this study was to show that the use of molecular biology tools associated with morphotyping to characterize species of ectomycorrhizae is more effective than when they are used on their own.

RESUMO: A fitorremediação é uma alternativa para o tratamento de solos contaminados com cobre. O objetivo do trabalho foi conhecer o comportamento de nove plantas de cobertura de verão quanto ao crescimento, absorção e translocação do cobre em solos com contaminação acima dos Valores de Prevenção, com vistas a seleção de plantas para programas de fitorremediação. Um Cambissolo foi contaminado com doses de 0, 100, 200, 400, 500 e 600mg kg-1 de cobre e cultivado em casa de vegetação com nove plantas: Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lablad, Mucuna cinereum, Mucuna aterrima, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Pennisetum glaucum e Paspalum notatum. Aos 90 dias após a semeadura as plantas foram avaliadas quanto à produção de massa seca de parte aérea e raízes, teores de Cu, N, P, K, Ca, Zn, e Fe na parte aérea e de Cu nas raízes. As altas concentrações de Cu no solo reduziram a absorção de fósforo pelas plantas. O feijão-de-porco apresenta potencial para a fitoextração, pois apresentou translocação de altas concentrações de cobre para os tecidos aéreos, enquanto que as mucunas preta e cinza são indicadas para programas de fitoestabilização de cobre, pois acumularam elevada concentração de cobre no sistema radicular.

ABSTRACT: Phytoremediation is an alternative technique used to treat copper-contaminated soils. The objective of this research was to explore the behavior of nine summer cover crops regarding the growth, absorption and translocation of copper in soils with contamination levels exceeding the Value of Prevention, with a view to selecting plants for phytoremediation programs. In the experiments the Cambisol was contaminated with copper, added in doses of 0, 100, 200, 400, 500 and 600mg kg-1, in which the following nine plants were cultivated under greenhouse conditions: Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lablad, Mucuna cinereum, Mucuna aterrima, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Pennisetum glaucum and Paspalum notatum. At 90 days after sowing the plants were evaluated for dry mass of shoot and root, Cu, N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe levels in the shoot and Cu in the roots. High soil Cu levels induced a decline in the phosphorus absorption by the plants. Canavalia ensiformis displayed high potential for phytoextraction as these plants could translocate high copper concentrations to the aerial plant parts, while the Mucuna cinereum and M. aterrima are indicated for the copper phytostabilization programs, due to the high copper accumulation in their root systems.

Abstract Biosurfactants have many advantages over synthetic surfactants but have higher production costs. Identifying microorganisms with high production capacities for these molecules and optimizing their growth conditions can reduce cost. The present work aimed to isolate and identify a fungus with high biosurfactant production capacity, optimize its growth conditions in a low cost culture medium, and characterize the chemical structure of the biosurfactant molecule. The fungal strain UFSM-BAS-01 was isolated from soil contaminated with hydrocarbons and identified as Fusarium fujikuroi. To optimize biosurfactant production, a Plackett–Burman design and a central composite rotational design were used. The variables evaluated were pH, incubation period, temperature, agitation and amount of inoculum in a liquid medium containing glucose. The partial structure of the biosurfactant molecule was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. F. fujikuroi reduced surface tension from 72 to 20 mN m−1 under the optimized conditions of pH 5.0, 37 °C and 7 days of incubation with 190 rpm agitation. The partial identification of the structure of the biosurfactant demonstrated the presence of an α,β-trehalose. The present study is the first report of the biosynthesis of this compound by F. fujikuroi, suggesting that the biosurfactant produced belongs to the class of trehalolipids.

ABSTRACT: Areas affected by coal mining can be recovered by revegetation with leguminous plants associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This study addressed the isolation and characterization of native nitrogen-fixing bacteria from coalmine wasteland under different vegetation restoration approaches using Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC) Urb and Vicia sativa L. as trap plants. The bacteria were characterized and identified on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences. Additionally, nitrogen-fixing strains were characterized for tolerance to high heavy metal and low pH levels, as well as for their effect on growth, nodulation, and symbiotic efficiency of M. atropurpureum and V. sativa. Soil samples were taken from the rhizosphere of eight areas, between 6 and 20 years under vegetation restoration, in the coal mining area of Candiota, RS-Brazil. The following properties were evaluated: colony characterization on solid “79” culture medium; pH (3.0-9.0) and heavy metal (Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni) tolerance; partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene; presence of nodA and nifH genes and symbiotic efficiency. A total of 115 isolates, i.e., 77 from M. atropurpureum and 38 from V. sativa, were obtained. The tolerance of these isolates is high for a wide range of pH levels and heavy metal contents, and 18 among them were selected for symbiotic efficiency and 16S rRNA sequencing. Inoculated with M. atropurpureum, the strains UFSM-B53, UFSM-B64, and UFSM-B74 had high symbiotic efficiency. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria were classified in the genera Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Burkholderia. The results indicate the potential of these native rhizospheric bacterial strains as inoculants and biofertilizers for legume species under pH and heavy metal stress in coal mining degraded areas in Southern Brazil.

ABSTRACT Wildfire events cause considerable environmental disturbance but few studies have examined changes in soil properties due to fire. This study aimed to assess the effect of a wildfire event on chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil in a eucalyptus forest in the Pampa biome. Part of a seven-year-old eucalyptus forest was affected by a wildfire event that lasted for two days. Soil and plant litter sampling was performed in three areas: in the forest that was not affected by the fire, in the forest affected by it, and in an adjacent natural pasture area (the original vegetation). Seven samples were collected from the 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m layers of each plot for biological analysis, and three samples were collected for chemical and physical analyses. Disturbed soil samples were collected in order to determine pH, organic matter, acidity, and nutrient content. Undisturbed samples were collected to determine soil microporosity, macroporosity, total porosity, and density. Soil macrofauna was assessed through the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility method, and biological activity was tested through substrate consumption in the bait-lamina test. The fire increased soil pH values, CEC, and base saturation, as well as K, Ca, and Mg content; it decreased potential acidity and P content in the soil. Soil physical properties were not altered by the wildfire. The total abundance of macrofauna and of annelids, arachnids, coleoptera, and isoptera decreased due to the wildfire, resulting in lower soil diversity. Hymenoptera abundance increased because of the fire event. The feeding activity of organisms in the soil surface layer decreased due to the fire. The wildfire in the eucalyptus forest in the Pampa biome altered soil chemical and biological properties.

ABSTRACT The efficiency index (EI) refers to the ratio of nutrients mineralized/made available in the soil to the total amount of nutrients added by organic fertilizer. Therefore, understanding the EI is essential for recommendation of organic fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability through mineralization and the efficiency index of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in organic fertilizers produced from cattle manure. The following treatments were evaluated in an incubation experiment under controlled conditions: soil without fertilizer (control); soil + beef cattle manure vermicompost; soil + beef cattle manure/straw compost; soil + beef cattle manure; soil + dairy cattle manure; and soil + vermicompost produced under conditions of high moisture and forced air. Nitrogen and P mineralization and K availability in the soil were evaluated at 0, 7, 14, 28, 56, 112, 224, and 365 days. Nitrogen availability in the soil increased after the bioconversion of cattle manure by composting, whereas phosphorus availability increased by vermicomposting. The average efficiency indices of N, P, and K of the fertilizers produced from cattle manure were 16, 57, and 82 %, respectively. These efficiency indices are lower than the values presented by the Liming and Fertilization Manual for the states of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil.

A disposição final do lodo de esgoto é problema para muitos países. Porém, significativa porcentagem destes resíduos é constituída por polímeros biodegradáveis, tais como lignina, celulose e hemicelulose. Os fungos do Filo Basidiomycota poderiam degradar estes polímeros nos leitos de secagem da estação de tratamento de esgoto e contribuir para a diminuição dos volumes finais dispostos no ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de 20 fungos Basidiomycota lignocelulolíticos em biodegradar lodo e os polímeros que o constituem. Foram selecionados quatro isolados para efetuar a biodegradação em diferentes temperaturas. Além disso, a fração orgânica presente no lodo foi determinada antes e depois da biodegradação. A inoculação com Agaricus bisporus, Fomes fasciatus, Schizophyllum commune e Trametes versicolor aumentou a degradação do lodo, a qual é maximizada em altas temperaturas. Estes fungos reduziram o teor de carbono orgânico total, de carbono solúvel e de polímeros presentes. A maior redução foi verificada na fração hemicelulose, seguida da lignina e celulose. A inoculação de fungos com capacidade de degradar o lodo pode ser uma alternativa para reduzir os volumes dispostos no ambiente.

The final disposal of biosolids is a global matter. Polymers such as lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose comprise significant rate of biosolids arrangement. Fungi from Basidiomycota phyllum could degrade these polymers in the drying beds of the treatment plant and it can contribute decreasing final volumes of sludge disposed in the environment. The aim of this study was assess the capacity of 20 lignocellulolytic Basidiomycota fungi to biodegrade the sludge and the polymers that constitute it. Four isolates were selected to carry out sludge biodegradation at different temperatures. In addition, the organic fraction present in the sludge were determined before and after biodegradation. The inoculation of Agaricus bisporus, Fomes fasciatus, Schizophyllum commune and Trametes versicolor has enhanced the degradation of sludge, which is improved upon in higher temperatures. These fungi reduced the total organic carbon content of soluble carbon and polymers present in the sludge. The largest reduction was verified in the hemicellulose fraction, followed by lignin and cellulose. The inoculation performed by fungi capable of degrading sludge is an alternative to reduce the volumes deposited in the environment.